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Need An Essay Writing Service? These 8 Facts Say You Do

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Need An Essay Writing Service? These 8 Facts Say You Do

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Smooth Sailing - Literature Essay Samples

Parents are innately protective of their children. They know that their children will meet struggles in their lives, but at one point the parent must let their child be and simply wish him or â€Å"her a lucky passage.† In â€Å"The Writer† by Richard Wilbur, the speaker is describing his daughter’s experience in writing, which is used as a metaphor for life. His daughter is facing problems and challenges; she is growing up. This is compared to a starling that was trapped in that exact room just two years earlier. The starling, after much effort and fight, was able to break free. The speaker uses the comparison to illustrate the heart-aching reality that eventually, parents must allow their children to fight through life challenges on their own. The structure and syntax of the poem emphasize the peaks and downfalls of life. There are 11 stanzas, each consisting of 3 lines each. It is important to notice that the second line of each stanza is always its longest. This visually highlights the ups and downs of life. This clearly stresses how the daughter will hit walls, but be â€Å"at it again with a bunched clamor Of strokes† eventually. Furthermore, each stanza except the last consists of one declarative each. However, there are constant pauses with commas, colons, and semi-colons to represent that life is not smooth. The speaker, and father, understands this and realizes he can do nothing more but hope his daughter will be able to battle through it all. Thus, the structure and syntax of the poem itself visually illustrate the daughter’s bumpy road she must face and conquer. Stanzas 1-5 use nautical imagery to depict writing as a metaphor for sailing through life. The specific terms such as â€Å"prow,† â€Å"gunwale,† â€Å"cargo,† and â€Å"passage† illustrate the daughter’s journey of â€Å"writing a story† as a voyage through life. The daughter is still young, yet already has â€Å"great cargo, and some of it heavy.† Therefore it is significant that the speaker precisely chooses to â€Å"wish her a lucky passage.† The evident empathetic tone shows that the speaker is cognizant that the daughter will inevitably face violent waves throughout her voyage. The daughter â€Å"rejects [the] thought and its easy figure,† showing that the daughter refuses to adhere to the wish and is willing to fight through the struggles of the life she has chosen. This establishes the background for the poem’s message that is in essence summarized in the last stanza. In stanzas 6-10, the episode of the speaker watching a starling struggle to fly away parallels to how the speaker hopes for the daughter to battle through life and not give up. The speaker recounts the bird â€Å"trapped in that very room, two years ago.† It was specifically the same room. This could parallel to how the speaker is potentially trapping the daughter because the speaker, as a parent, is unable to let go. However the speaker continues to recall â€Å"how for a helpless hour, through the crack of the door, [He] watched the sleek, wild, dark / And iridescent creature.† Although the starling â€Å"[dropped] like a glove To the hard floor† and by the end was â€Å"humped and bloody,† it was able to finally break free â€Å"[clear] the sill of the world.† This idea is concurrent with the speaker’s current situation. The speaker is watching from the outside, helpless and unable to help the daughter. It is conspicuous that there are parallels between the daughter and the starling that build on the speaker’s release of the daughter into the real world and message of the poem as a whole that is summarized in the last three lines. Both the starling and the writer have been trapped in the same exact room. After endless struggling, the starling is able to eventually find the right path and â€Å"[beat] a smooth course for the right window.† The writer on the other hand is still in the stage of battling. The speaker refers to the starling as what he desires the daughter to accomplish. In both situations, the speaker can just open the window and wish for the best. This comparison reflects the hardship of a parent letting go of his or her daughter. â€Å"My darling† shows intense feelings and love for the daughter. The speaker wishes his daughter luck in life and recounts that â€Å"It is always a matter, †¦ Of life or death.† He wants his daughter to tak e life seriously, from the minute details to the life-determining decisions. Most of all, he wants to reiterate his earlier wish – â€Å"I wish What I wished you before, but harder.† This touches on his earlier wish of a â€Å"lucky passage.† The speaker wishes his daughter smooth sailing in the real world. As indicated by the poem’s syntax and by the extended metaphor of the ship, Wilbur compares the path of a starling to that of a daughter to depict the difficult point at which a parent must let the child experience the ups and downs of the real world and struggle through troubles on his or her own. In growing up, it is imperative that the daughter struggle through sweat, blood, and tears to break through challenges. Wilbur clearly shows how a parent can only hope that a child will learn how to hold up the waves and successfully navigate his or her way through life on his or her own. Thus, the poem relays the message that life will present challenges, but that struggling through is undeniably a part of life.

Was Manifest Destiny, An Ideology Coined By John L. O ...

Kelsey Daniels HIST1301.01.16S2 August, 2 2016 Essay 4 Was Manifest Destiny a benevolent movement or in fact was it early imperialism pursued at the expense of others? The Manifest Destiny, an ideology coined by John L. O’Sullivan, described the attitude of American’s in the 19th century in regards to the expansion of the United States. There are disagreements on whether this expansion was a benevolent movement or an act of early imperialism. Some think because the 19th century Americans saw the expansion as a task given by God that was based on good intentions and it was justifiable given the ways it benefitted the country while others argue that the measures they took to achieve this expansion was at the expense of others. Although the Manifest Destiny was beneficial to America in the long run, the Manifest Destiny is more similar to early imperialism pursued at the expense of others because of the Indian Removal Act, the Mexican-American War, and the great influence on it had on the Civil War. First, the American government used treaties as attempt to remove Indians from their tribal lands but in instances where this failed, the g overnment violated the treaties and even Supreme Court rulings to obtain what they wanted- more land. When Andrew Jackson became president, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was established. The Act involved a process where Jackson would grant land west of the Mississippi River to the Native American tribes that would agree to give up theirShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War And The American War1318 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral events that may have influenced the war such as the Western Expansion, Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War. The war also stems from slavery, the North and South basically fought over whether or not slavery should be permitted. Another point that may have influenced the Civil War is the economic and social structure of the country, which also falls under slavery because the South main source of income was slavery and the North completely opposed this viewpoint, even though they didRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmer chant banker, Palumbo was an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironically recalled Palumbo’s father, a former Minister in the Conservative government of the day. Yet within just 10 years, Palumbo built the Ministry of Sound into a music and media empire worth nearly  £150m. Two years later, Palumbo had quit as chief executive and the Ministry of Sound was looking for a new strategic

The Biological, Psychodynamic And Psychodynamic...

Psychological Perspectives This assignment will be analytically comparing and contrasting the Biological, psychodynamic and Behaviourist psychological perspectives. This will be based on their different explanations of human behaviour and the management of mental illness in relation to practical application. AC1.1 Behaviourists differ largely from other perspectives because they view environment as a key role in the development of human nature including personality and mental health. Behaviourists believe these environmental factors have been learnt through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by association, and operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behaviour. Furthermore the biological perspective believes that all behaviour is determined by genetic, physiological and neurological factors. This approach believes illness such as chemical imbalances, genetic disorders and mental health is the major causes of abnormal behaviour. Biological perspective is based on science, using quantitative and objective methods therefore a large number of resources and studies can be identified. Gottersman and shield’s (1991) twin study is a one of the most recognised biological experiments. The main aim of this study was to test different twin pairs and investigate the concordance rates of schizophrenia in twins. The results found there were a 48 per cent concordance rate among monozygotic (identical) twins and a 17 perShow MoreRelatedPsychodynamic Theories And Theories Of The Psychodynamic Theory Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages This paper attempts to explore psychodynamic theory in depth as well as its presentation in real life as presented by Sigmund Freud. It presents an analysis of the theory in terms of its historical developments and perspectives as well as the ideas of its main supporters. Further, the paper also attempts to bring to light the hidden and unambiguous assumptions made by the theory concerning individuals, groups, families, systems and communities. Additionally, It will attempt to highlight the relationshipRead MoreEssay about Psychodynamic vs Behavioral547 Words   |  3 PagesIn psychology there are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining the human behavior. I believe to truly explain the complex mental processes and behavior, each perspective must be examined, not limited to just one. The following is my explanation and compariso ns between two of these perspectives: psychodynamic and behavioral. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;TheRead MoreCarl Jung And Alfred Adler1517 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Unfortunately, the society disbanded due to opposing views. Some of their opposing views and beliefs surrounding Freud s Psychodynamic Theory. During the early 1900s, as a result of Freud s clinical experiences with patients, he developed the Psychodynamic theory. He developed the psychodynamic theory in hopes of explaining how a person’s life experiences, dictate their behavior. This theory was not widely accepted among his cohorts. Carl Jung believed,Read MorePersonality Is Defined As The Combination Of Characteristics944 Words   |  4 Pages The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary, and social learning perspective. This paper will be describing the psychodynamic theory and how its approach signifies one’s perspective. The psychodynamic theory was originated by Sigmund Freud in the early 1800’s into the early 19th century from 1856-1939. Sigmund Freud developed the personality theory psychodynamics to determine how one’s personality is developed. ItRead MoreEssay Compare Contrast 3 Psychological Approaches To The Study Of Criminal Behaviour1190 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and contrast 3 psychological approaches to the study of criminal behaviour Tim Booth Crime has been defined as acts attracting legal punishment (Blackburn, 1993; p.5) and it can fall within numerous legal categories, ranging from crimes against persons, against property, white collar crimes and so on. However, offences such as moral crime, where no law has been broken, also need to be considered, especially when studying the cause and prevention through psychology. Just as the typesRead MoreHow Do Parental Psychiatric Disorders Impact Children? Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Exploration: How Do Parental Psychiatric Disorders Impact Children? According to National Alliance on Mental Health (2016), recent findings have concluded that 1 in 5 adults have experience with a mental disorder in a given year. Children that are associated with these individuals can have different outcomes of life as compared to families without said individuals. These outcomes don t necessarily have to be positive or negative, but they do become a substructure of who you are. AsRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Psychology Is Defined As The Scientific Study Of The Human Mind And Behavior1281 Words   |  6 Pagessoul and spirit. The Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were some of the most influential philosophers of their time. However, due to the uncertainty of truth in these theories, they ended up being the foundations relating to psychological thought. However, throughout the 17th century, the advancement of psychology has exceeded into its own discipline along with the establishment of the six schools of thought. Before psychology had been established as a separate discipline, it firstRead MorePsychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior1827 Words   |  8 Pagesof psychopathology continue to emerge. Notably, the identification of a better model or perspective that explains psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by the psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives. This paper will critically compare and contrast the precepts of psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives to determine their success in delineating the presentation and incidence of psychopathologyRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 Pages Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamental behaviors and feelings are powerfullyRead MorePsychodynamic approach: the basics1202 Words   |  5 Pagesare; Psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach. I will discuss these 2 psychological theories of development and explain how it accounts for the psychological development, health and behaviour of the individual. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was considered the founding father of the psychodynamic approach. Psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs, Sigmund Freud proposed a psychodynamic theory

Science And Practice Improve Health Equity â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Science And Practice Improve Health Equity? Answer: Introducation Planning is simply deciding on something or making arrangements for something in advance. It outlines where a person or an organization wants to go, ways of getting there and a timeline for the process. Planning takes into account decision making that are reflective of future needs and addresses these needs. In details it therefore involves future goals specification and lay down of courses of action that will bring about the set achievements (Wallerstein Duran, 2010). In the public sector health service planning context, planning is focused on supporting and developing a high quality service delivery health system to the community. Health service plans precisely seek to progress a given populations health status and at the same time safeguard access, equity and fairness of the health system and its responsiveness to the specific perceived communitys needs. These planning intend to achieve the above goals by providing effective and efficient health services. It is however limited to the available methods, means of healthcare and resources. Therefore, this kind of planning is a process of allying the changing need patterns with service delivery arrangements that are in existence so as to make maximum utilization of the available resources (Stonhope, 2015). It puts into significant service provision the strategic directions and policy of healthcare organizations. The transparent and comprehensive process of defining strategies and service objectives helps in the achievement of the same. Amongst operational, budgetary, strategic and service enablers planning, health service delivery planning is key. It is oriented to the organizations future adopting a long term perspective compared to the other types of planning. It puts the organization in a strategic position to address health issues that may emerge and are vital to contemporary to healthcare. The environment in which healthcare delivery occurs is more and more dynamic with ever changing technological advances, community expectations and government priorities. There exist ever increasing demands and pressures on the health system of the public sector amidst constrained budgets (Swayne et al., 2012). In future there will be even increased pressure due to increasing chronic disease prevalence and ageing population. In this light, it is vital that services have the capability and are well planned to be in a position to respond to the evolving changes to meet population needs. These changes include: population needs and populations; it includes studying population characteristics i.e. social economic status, growth, cultural diversity and age groupings. In addition to that, coming up with the populations risk factors like excessive consumption of alcohol, smoking and obesity which may lead to different health issues, planning can be done in such a way that services are designed to reduce the target populations risks (Trivedi et al., 2012). Emerging technologies and clinical evidence; understanding there impact helps to shape organization and delivery of future services. It includes changes in the understanding and knowledge of disease trend, service delivery models and treatment techniques. Foretelling service need in future; services demand in future as a result of population changes, treatment technologies change and disease patterns change is taken into account here. Through these assessments future service development decisions are better informed (Pol it Beck, 2012). Resources allocation prioritization; due to limited availability of resources to invest in the health sector, prioritization done to make sure areas of greatest need have resources directed towards them. Service efficiency improvement; exploration is done to bring on board alternative options that can meet increasing demand and optimize delivery of services. These may include service delivery in different settings including homes. Providing sustainable and safe services; service viability i.e. high quality care that exceed or meet minimum set standards. Two methods can however be used in developing a health service plan as follows. Population based planning Every communities or countries healthcare service should be focused to reach its entire population. Attend to the populations needs and cover promotion, preventive and curative health services. It involves a collaborative and systematic assessment of the needs of the population. Emphases are put on the populations current health status identification, health problems determinants and risk factors, development and analysis of interventions and their link to outputs (Drummond et al., 2015). It relies on stakeholders effective collaboration and can involve other sectors stake holders to discuss and identify health issues and come to an agreement on regulations that will progress the concerned populations health. It is based on the values of equity (equity in access and outcomes), effectiveness (patients level of benefit from the provided service), accessibility (service acceptability, geographical, cultural, physical and affordability), quality (measure of the degree of service conformi ty to set standards) and efficiency (maximize benefits from resources use). However these planning principles conflict i.e. accessibility vs quality, efficiency vs accessibility and equity vs accessibility. Population based planning makes use of holistic data. Here needs are assessed through population surveys since it is the frequently used information collection method. This information is then used to set realistic future goals and appropriate allocation of resources. The communities main interests are served using this planning method (De Grot et al., 2010). A need assessment process is put into place and it describes the local peoples state of health, identifies causes of illnesses and major health causing risk factors. It also helps in bringing to light how to address these factors. However this is not a one- time process/ activity, it is carried on over time to capture the changes that arise. It is therefore relevant for future use too. Most importantly, this method takes into account the fact that a number of factors affect health. The quality of water people drink, the air they breathe and their physical environment has an effect on their health. Family and friends emotional an d social support are part of the social environment and it affects peoples health. The enjoyment of life is reduced by poverty, lifestyle behaviors e.g. heavy drinking and smoking will increase risk of diseases like lung cancer and avoiding these behaviors significantly reduces its risk. Individual biology and family genetics also play a role in ones health (Dennis et al., 2012). Advantages Public inequalities elimination; population based healthcare makes it possible for equitable and quality care to be delivered to communities by practitioners. Group empowerment; it gives doctors and healthcare teams a platform to empower communities on precise disease conditions. Through printed materials, posters and workshops these can be achieved. Community healthcare preventive measures are applied here. Population based health planning preventive measures; practitioners base their work upon this strategies and concepts. Prevention at a primary level; the likelihood of disease occurrence is reduced at this level. This include: healthcare education on lifestyle and behavior, diet, physical activity and psychological support; communicable diseases prevention through vaccination; job opportunities and good housing; safe environment promotion i.e. sanitation, clean air and drinking water; pollution and industrial hazard avoidance. Prevention at secondary level; deals with preventing progress of a disease. Its achieved by; case or risk assessment, surveys and early testing, assessments of public health, medical help and basic investigation help (Buntin et al., 2011). Prevention at tertiary level: this stage focuses on minimizing suffering from diseases and disabilities that may be caused by the diseases. This can be achieved by education, rehabilitation care, palliative care, psychological support and creating awareness. Team focus; it brings together different healthcare practitioners thus creating team building spirit thus achieving more success. Disadvantages Assessing populations risk levels and health status can be hectic and difficult. Many determinants under these method e.g. social factors are outside the health sector. This is hectic as it requires collaboration with other sectors in order to bring out best results. The health sector may not be able to influence broader social determinants of health since it may lack the capacity to do so (Alessi, 2010). It is a lengthy process which can be affected by governments politics. Since it involves a lot of stakeholders, they may fail to settle on one view maintaining different cultural, social and environmental views thus hindering implementation. Stakeholders may have conflicting interests that may add weight on the planner as they try to control the conflict between political realities and rational planning. Many health determinants under this method are not easily identifiable and may not have an action to remedy them. Accurate information and data gathering in the health field is always demanding and costly. For reliable and timely health action and surveillance, there is need for innovation of technology to help with the same. Limited collection, dissemination, analysis and data use affect directly decision making capacity in needs and problem identification, progress tracking, interventions impact evaluation. Due to short political time in office, politicians do not have interest in passing long term policies thus funding long term project is not their priority (Berman et al., 2012). Therefore for them to be seen bringing fourth benefits, they will rather fund institutional plans. Institutional based service planning It refers to joint care for the public by analyzing first the population they are planning for. Their environment is scanned; these include the internal and external environments. In the external environment, public sector has to plan according to state and national policies (Dulet, 2012). The private sector has to take into account market for their services and competition from other providers. On the other hand the internal environment takes into account their capability to meet future healthcare needs of the population as well as their present needs. Efficiency of services is assessed through benchmarking performance (Park, 2015). The population is profiled; under population demography, education standards, population projections, composition and size are looked at. Housing, health behaviors and social factors are also taken into account. The status of their health profiled; here a variety of factors are looked into i.e. burden of disease, mortality and morbidity rates. Service pr ojections and utilization are analyzed through hospital separations by major diagnostic groups and diagnosis related groups. Current service arrangements are described using private and public bed numbers, occupied bed days, flows in and out of the area, average length of stay per MDG and DRG, occupancy levels by specialty and by facility, number of surgical operations, community service types, and ratio of aged care population beds and through comparison of costs, flows and services. Geographical catchment; under these public transport cost, access to health centers and availability is looked at. Speed of travel, easiness of the roads, and nearness of the area to the nearest city, communication in terms of broadband speed and access and mobile phone access (Frenk et al., 2010). The planning process is then done through forecasting changes in disease burden and population composition and projection, establishing current structures through situational analysis, development and revision of service goals, identification of interventions that can be effective, strategies formulation, plan development, its implementation and then evaluation. Therefore institutional based planning is focused on services provision to a certain extent than population need (Green Thorogood, 2013). Needs are identified from provision and understanding of current services. It relies heavily on data from demographic profiling. It focuses organizations efficiency improvement, enhancing service provision and service quality improvement. It provides collaborate public care through primary health centers (primary health care) referral units and sub district hospitals (secondary health care) and medical colleges or by specialty hospitals (tertiary health plans). Advantages Provides individual needs to a particular individual and it enhances appropriate care delivery. In institutional service provision, there is more focus one patients disease condition at a time. Here, holistic care is provided. Treatment pattern is improved using new technology in screening and diagnosis. Provides psychological and personal based care. There are new treatments and scientific interventions in place. Healthcare/ treatment are provided up to tertiary level all the way from primary level. Assists staff requirements planning. Available resources are utilized sufficiently. Disadvantages Hospital demand projections has limitations when based on present clinical practice due to assumptions as follows; assuming clinical practice does not change over time is a false assumption since it gets better over time. Population health doesnt necessarily stay the same over time as assumed in this model. Cancer and obesity rates increase over time. Private health insurance doesnt remain the same as assumed in the model. Hospital beds may be used as nursing home beds since aged care facilities are not expansive thus leading in reduced essential service delivery by hospitals. Discussion Population based health care technique is an ancient way of health planning services as it came about at a time when communities showed low incidences of communicable diseases and lifestyle alteration diseases. Therefore in the early nineties the health service planning was based on a population based approach (Paina Peters, 2011). It was important then as it focused on finding disease prevalence and public awareness creation. It is very successful in gathering mobility rates, mortality and analyzing health status of a population in cases of an outbreak of an epidemic. It therefore should be core in any countries health services planning as it all starts with the understanding of the needs of a population and outlining the needed precautions and government steps. This method more suits rural areas (Halpern et al., 2012). On the other hand, institutional based method is a modern method which has been implemented and followed widely. There is a continuous change in the health sector with new technologies, non communicable and non curable diseases prevalence in the population and many more emerging issues. Community and public health care settings cannot treat some of these diseases therefore calling for need to be treated in institutions. This method thus creates a platform that can be used by people with unknown conditions and diseases to find treatment that is appropriate for them (Katherine Sandra, 2016). A government organizations, departments can find ways of supporting people in a particular society. I could lean more towards institutional health planning to implement disease cures through use of new technology and betterment of health sectors. Effective implementation of institutional method through health care policy changes, hospital infrastructure changes, availability and feasibility of healthcare, it will be affordable to the community. Effective implementation can enhance new treatment findings and even cure to non curable diseases. Institutional care of non communicable and non curable diseases can lead to prolonged life of people and control communicable diseases too. However in planning, the major problems that communities face should be taken into account (Harkness DE Marco, 2012). By taking note of that, the planning will develop institutional based plans will be promoting a health population and a healthy county. Conclusion Institutional health planning implementation in a population can bring forth interventions that can curb communicable diseases, provide efficient health services, maximum resource utilization. References Alessi, E. J., Martin, J. I. (2010). Conducting an internet-based survey: Benefits, pitfalls, and lessons learned. Social Work Research, 34(2), 122-128. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2012). Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Buntin, M. B., Burke, M. F., Hoaglin, M. C., Blumenthal, D. (2011). The benefits of health information technology: a review of the recent literature shows predominantly positive results. Health affairs, 30(3), 464-471. De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological complexity, 7(3), 260-272. Demetrius James Porche (2014) Public Community Health Nursing Practice: A Population-Based Approach, SAGE Publications. Dennis, A., Clark, J., Crdova, D., McIntosh, J., Edlund, K., Wahlin, B., ... Blanchard, K. (2012). Access to contraception after health care reform in Massachusetts: a mixed-methods study investigating benefits and barriers. Contraception, 85(2), 166-172. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Dul, J., Bruder, R., Buckle, P., Carayon, P., Falzon, P., Marras, W. S., ... van der Doelen, B. (2012). A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics, 55(4), 377-395. Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., ... Kistnasamy, B. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The lancet, 376(9756), 1923-1958. Green, J., Thorogood, N. (2013). Qualitative methods for health research. Sage. Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., ... Rosenberg, A. A. (2012). An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature, 488(7413), 615. Harkness, G. A., DE Marco, R. (2012), Community and public health nursing: evidence for practice. Philadelphia: Walters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publishers Katherine M. Keyes and Sandra Galea (2016) Population Health Science (1st edition), OUP publishers, USA. Paina, L., Peters, D. H. (2011). Understanding pathways for scaling up health services through the lens of complex adaptive systems. Health policy and planning, 27(5), 365-373. Par k., (2015) Textbook of preventive and social medicine. , (23rd edition), m/s Banarasidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur, India. Polit. F.D and Beck. C.T, (2012). Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (8 th ed.). New York, Lippincott company Publishers. Shariff, S. R., Moin, N. H., Omar, M. (2012). Location allocation modeling for healthcare facility planning in Malaysia. Computers Industrial Engineering, 62(4), 1000-1010. Stanhope Lancaster, (2015), Public health nursing. (9th edition), Philadelphia, Mosby company Publishers. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, W. J., Ginter, P. M. (2012). Strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley Sons Trivedi, A. N., Grebla, R. C., Jiang, L., Yoon, J., Mor, V., Kizer, K. W. (2012). Duplicate federal payments for dual enrollees in Medicare Advantage plans and the Veterans Affairs health care system. Jama, 308(1), 67-72. Wallerstein, N., Duran, B. (2010). Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity. American journal of public health, 100(S1), S40-S46.

The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees

Introduction Downsizing is a corporate practice that many employees are concerned about. This process can be described as a practice whereby firms reduce the number of employees and the scope of their business in order to achieve improved service and financial performance (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many companies lay off their employees due to a variety of reasons that may include the following: when the service of an employee is no longer required owing to technology upgrade; an internal shift in the requirements of the organization; restructuring; a change in financial fortunes, etc. Downsizing is a common practice in the corporate world, especially in times of financial hardships. For instance, in 2007, during the global financial crisis, close t o one million employees were laid off in the United States (Bain Company, 2010). The impact of downsizing is felt hardest by the departing employees as well as their families and the community in general. This paper seeks to establish the effects of downsizing to the employees, communities and the families of the employees. The paper will also discuss the current or future applications and relevance of downsizing. Effects of Downsizing on Dismissed Employees Losing a job impacts significantly on any employee. Though the effects are mostly negative, there can be one or two positive consequences that come with losing a job. Positive effects It’s rare for anyone to benefit if he/she has been a victim of organizational job cuts. Normally, success or failure following a job dismissal will depend on an individual’s preparedness and the availability of other opportunities. All employees who lose their jobs through downsizing are often compensated, especially if the employmen t contract provides a severance pay policy (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). There are rules and guidelines which organizations are required to abide by when downsizing.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These include the provision of an early notice and the severance pay. Receiving a severance pay can be positive for some employees as it can enable them to boost their savings or fund their own business ventures (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). It’s depressing for a worker to hear that he/she will be laid off. However, this fact presents other opportunities which the employee might not have considered. Several organizations assist departing employees to secure alternative employment. Therefore, a dismissed employee may land a job that offers better pay and working conditions (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). Negative effects As stated earlier, the negative effects of lo sing a job far outweigh the positive effects. The negative impacts can be broadly categorized into the psychological and financial effects. Most employees get shocked when learn about their sacking. Initial emotional reactions may include bitterness and anger towards the company. There are several other psychological effects that may come along the way. These effects commonly include depression, increased anxiety and subjective perceptions of incompetence (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Job loss is also associated with increased incidences of suicide, risk of alcohol abuse and violent behavior (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). Individuals who are downsized often develop negative views towards the administration and politics in general. They blame governments and the capitalistic systems of economy, and generally give pessimistic views on the economy (Cascio, 2002). Job loss almost always results into negative financial impacts on the dismissed employee. People construct their lifestyles based o n the regular income they receive (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Some commit themselves to pay mortgages and other debts that are deducted on monthly basis. Losing a regular means of income can be financially devastating for an individual, especially if he/she cannot secure another job in the short term. The severance pay provided by the company might not last more than two months and therefore cannot effectively cushion a downsized employee.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, one can find himself/herself in a job that offers a lower pay and he/she is forced to change his/her lifestyle to accommodate the lower earnings. According to the data provided previously, more than 65% of people who lost their jobs through downsizing report being paid lower than what they were being pai d in their previous employment (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). And many of them find new work in temporary or part time arrangements. Effects of Downsizing on Employee’s Families and the Community in General The impacts of downsizing are often felt beyond the dismissed person. His/her family and the larger community are subject the ripple effects of downsizing. An individual’s family may go through similar physical and psychological experiences as the downsized individual. These effects can be broadly classified as financial, social, and psychological effects. Effects of downsizing on the employee’s family The family of an individual who has lost his/her job may not be able to continue with the same lifestyle they had before. They are forced to cut their spending to accommodate themselves to the new reality. The family might be forced to forego some privileges they previously enjoyed. If the situation is not solved in the short term, the family may find it hard to mee t their basic needs. Job loss through downsizing can be socially devastating for the victim’s family. The family might be required to vacate their current home and look for a cheaper house elsewhere. Sometimes it reaches a point where one cannot pay rent or mortgage a house. For some people it may imply losing home through eviction or foreclosure. A family that finds itself in this situation may find it hard to survive. Finding a new house offers many social challenges which may include finding new friends and getting children to new unfamiliar schools. Changing schools negatively impacts children’s academic performance due to the fact that they are forced to abandon the educational setting that they are familiar with.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Families that have no emergency savings usually suffer the most. Basic things like food usually turn into luxuries that they can barely afford. As a result, many families address welfares associations to get money for food and other basic requirements (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). The psychological effects are far much overwhelming as compared to the financial and social effects. Normally, the family members may go through anger, anxiety and bitterness that might accompany loss of employment. The tension that is built up due to anxiety causes a lot of friction in the family setup. Several studies have shown that loss of employment has contributed to the rise in divorce incidences (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). The reason for that is such families tend to quarrel and argue more. Other psychological impacts of downsizing that affect the entire family include low self-esteem, stigma, the feeling of being isolated, and depression (Cascio, 2002). The psychological effects may give rise to real health issues in the affected families. However, there are families that work through the difficulties and come out as a stronger unit. This normally depends on how the family members communicate during that period. Effects of downsizing on the community in general The economic effects of downsizing are not limited to the dismissed individuals and their families alone. Jobs usually provide â€Å"stability for individuals, their families and the communities they belong to. Salaries of the employed usually flow back to the community when they buy goods and services† (Hossfeld, Legerton, Dumas, Keuster, 2005). When mass layoffs are carried out, particularly in times of economic hardships, the effects tend to be felt throughout the community. A study carried out in Robeson County, NC, to identify the effects of loss of employment on the community, established that the loss of employment due to loss of manufacturing activity caused far reaching economic implications to the Robeso n community (Appendix 1). In times of widespread economic problems like the global financial crisis, many companies downsize to better manage their resources. When a significant number of employees lose their jobs as a result of widespread downsizings, the ripple effects are felt in the community. Other sectors, particularly the service sector, will register decreased profits as a result of reduced spending by their clients. Layoffs also increase the existing level of unemployment in the community. The unemployed members of the community usually find it hard to meet their basic needs. Studies have shown a high incidence of poor health in the unemployed. This includes disease such as diabetes, pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, and other specific chronic illnesses (Sahdev, 2003). Children who are born in families with parents who have lost their employment are likely to have long-term educational and social problems (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). The family stress that is associated wi th the loss of employment has been identified as a major cause of behavioral problems in their children (Hossfeld, Legerton, Dumas, Keuster, 2005). Loss of work through downsizing and other causes also results into social divisions. In most cases, the less fortunate in the society are contempt to live less affluent older industrial areas. Effects of downsizing on the remaining employee’s morale Downsizing has been known to impact negatively on the morale of the remaining employees. Most employees acquire friends and mentors among people at their place of work. Such close people might be affected during a downsizing activity. The remaining employees may be affected in a number of ways that will impact his/her confidence levels, interpersonal relationships, and perception of job security (Sahdev, 2003). In today’s society, many people are spending more time with their coworkers as compared with their families. Many employees are usually heartbroken to see their coworker s sacked (Sahdev, 2003). Downsizing impacts heavily on the sense of familiarity and the support networks developed by employees (Sahdev, 2003). The trust that had existed between different sections of the company will need redevelopment. Apart from loosing key friends and colleagues, downsizing will cause fear among employees. The remaining employees may feel that they will be targeted in the next round of downsizing. Studies indicate that downsizings usually happen in waves, as the management experiments and gauges the effect. The fear that one might be targeted in the next round of downsizing affects his/her productivity. Such employees may begin to consider other options that are available to them even before they are laid off. Downsizing also affects the employee’s confidence in the employer. Most companies fire people when things are not working as expected. While the company may cease further downsizing, workers will be aware that other measures will be instituted to cu t spending. They might be subjected to pay cuts, lower allowances, and reduction of business trips among other cost cutting measures (Sahdev, 2003). This may result in a less motivated work force. Relevance of Downsizing as Measured by the Objectives Many companies usually find it necessary to reduce their work force in order to survive through hard times and achieve improved efficiency. However, studies indicate that the stated objectives of retention are rarely achieved by the organizations that indulge in the practice (Mroczkowski Hanaoka, 1998). A study conducted by Wyatt found that only a third of the 1,005 corporations included in the study, had gained from layoffs (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). Less than a third part gained higher than what they had anticipated, while four out of five had to hire again to refill the vacant positions left after downsizing. Indeed downsizing only serves as a short term reprieve for the company. In the long term most companies are not able to show a ny gains from previous downsizing strategies. Some of the issues that affect companies after downsizing have been described above under the effects on the morale of the employees. The adverse effects associated with corporate downsizing can be partly related to the focus on the outgoing employees rather than those who remain back. Managers tend to concentrate on offering counseling, training and other support services to the laid off staff. While there is no doubt that the laid off staff need such services, it should not be done at the expense of the remaining employees, who are equally affected (Baumol, Blinder, Wolff, 2003). The effects of downsizing on the morale of the remaining employees have been discussed earlier in this paper. Companies that carry out downsizing should rethink the strategy because it is least likely to improve efficiency (Tyler Wilkinson, 2007). The practice only results into great psychological and physical suffering of the affected employees and their fa milies. Thus, firms should develop other strategies of dealing with short term financial problems rather than indulge downsizing activities. Many studies have shown that sacking is a practice that is negatively viewed both from inside and outside the organizations (Cascio, 2002). Conclusion This paper sought to establish the effects of downsizing on the employees, communities, and the families of the employees. The paper also aimed to discuss the current or future applications and relevance of downsizing. It has been established that downsizing impacts negatively on dismissed employees, their families, and the community in general. The effects are mainly economic, social, and psychological. The practice also negatively impacts on the remaining workforce and the reputation of the organization that indulges it. According to the findings of many research studies, downsizing is not that relevant as it does not serve the intended purpose in most cases and only creates a lot of suffering for the dismissed employees and their families. The practice has contributed to a significant level of rebellion against capitalism in several areas of the world (Mellahi Wilkinson, 2004). Downsizing should only be carried out in justifiable circumstances such as technology upgrade or major change in company’s operations. References Bain Company. (2010). Downsizing. Retrieved from Management Tools: https://www.bain.com/insights/management-tools-2011-downsizing Baumol, W., Blinder, A., Wolff, E. N. (2003). Downsizin in America:Reality, Causes  and Consequences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Cascio, F. W. (2002). Strategies for responsible restructuring. Academy of Management  Executive , 16(1): 80-91. Hossfeld, L., Legerton, M., Dumas, C., Keuster, G. (2005). The Economic and Social  Impact of Job Loss In Robeson County North Carolina 1993-2003. Lumberton:Center for Community Action. Mellahi, K., Wilkinson, A. (2004). Downsizing and Innovation Output: A Review of  literature and Research Propositions. London: British Academy of Management. Mroczkowski, T., Hanaoka, M. (1998). Effective downsizing strategies in Japan and America: Is there a convergence of employment practices? Academy of  Management Review , 22(1): 226-56. Sahdev, K. (2003). ‘Survivors’ reactions to downsizing. Human Resource Management  Journal , 13(4): 56–74. Tyler, M., Wilkinson, A. (2007). The Tyranny of Corporate Slenderness.  Understanding Organizations Anorexically, Work, Employment and Society , 21: 537-549. Appendix Appendix 1: Impact of loss of employment in Robeson County This term paper on The implications of downsizing to the employees, communities and families of the employees was written and submitted by user Adam D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

AP and Everyday Use Comparison Research Paper Example

AP and Everyday Use Comparison Research Paper Example AP and Everyday Use Comparison Paper AP and Everyday Use Comparison Paper â€Å"A P† and â€Å"Everyday Use† Analysis and Comparison In a modern society where good deeds and integrity are taken for granted, it is necessary for people to stand up for what is right. The short story â€Å"A P†, written by John Updike, tells the story of Sammy and how he takes a stand for what he believes is right, only he is not given the gratitude he deserved. â€Å"Everyday Use†, written by Alice Walker, is another short story that shows how substantial it is to stand firm for one’s convictions and beliefs, especially in familial matters. Mama, the protagonist in â€Å"Everyday Use†, must make the decision of protecting her self-conscious daughter Maggie, or giving in to Dee, her other egocentric daughter who has forgotten the traditional values of their family. These two short stories indicate the importance of protecting people from the harshness of reality because not everyone is secure or aware enough to be able to stand up for themselves. Although one’s good deeds may often not be acknowledged, the inevitable lesson of maturity can be taught through such experiences. In â€Å"AP†, Sammy is a teenage clerk who is not acknowledged for accomplishing what he thinks is a good deed. During a hot day, three teenage girls walks into the AP grocery store, wearing only their bathing suits. The image of the girl’s revealing attire provides an absolute contrast to both the simple interior of the store and also of the other conservative customers. Sammy describes the customers as â€Å"sheeps† because they look mindless as they follow each other around the aisles in continual, constant motion. However, these three girls conflict with the imagery of â€Å"sheeps† by breaking the norms of what the AP grocery store, and society in general, has proclaimed as acceptable. These three girls symbolize the reverse of what Sammy has been accustomed to seeing in the store, which are the pedestrian and conformed customers. Infrequency rather than frequency triggers the events that occur in the AP grocery store. The sexually appealing nature of the girls provokes Sammy’s carnal appetite and engenders rebellious feelings towards conformity as well. This allows him to realize that his life has been tailored to that of the mundane lives of the other AP employees and customers. However, this epiphany leads Sammy to act impulsively when the girls are being admonished for their revealing attire by Lengel. Lengel, the conventional and austere store manager, further embodies the conformity that surrounds Sammy as Lengel reprimands the girls for wearing bathing suits in a grocery store. As Sammy sees his manager embarrassing the girls, Sammy has the choice of being a â€Å"sheep† or breaking out of the conformed structure of the AP store, such as the girls has done. Sammy is refreshed by the uniqueness the girls bring, and he also wants to be part of that. This shows that he wants to protect what the girls and what they represent, which is contrast to conformity. Sammy ultimately decides to defend the girls’ honor by quitting his job, and thus makes the statement of not being a â€Å"sheep† that is mindlessly led by society. Although this decision was driven partly by carnal feelings, it was primarily out of impulse and curiosity of what lies beyond the restricted borders of normalcy in the AP grocery store. Even though Sammy quit his job for the girls, they do not even acknowledge his act of sacrifice. Sammy is still given a chance by Lengel to reconsider his rash decision, but he continues to stands firm for what he believes in, even after the girls have already left the store. Sammy then walks out of the AP with no job and no display of affection or gratitude from the girls. Sammy has sacrificed his job for people who don’t care, and the harsh reality of sacrificing for people who do not care results in the compromise of self security. AP is a story about coming to age, and Sammy comes to age as he attempts to seek for something better than what the AP store can offer him. Teenagers often act impulsively and recklessly, and as a teenage boy Sammy can not help but be intrigued by what the girls symbolized, which contrast to conformity. Despite his losses, Sammy gains something as well. He realizes that he should be more in control of his feelings and that he should make decisions maturely and as an adult, not as an adolescent who acts out of impulsion and dispositions. Nonetheless, Sammy still stood up for what he believed was right at that moment, and that has caused him to mature and grow. Standing up for what is right is not an easy task, but it is necessary to protect those who can not defend themselves. Everyday Use† is about Mama and her decision to choose sentimental values over materialism. Dee is the educated yet selfish sister of Maggie, who is self conscious and withdrawn because she had been scarred by a house fire. After a very long time, Dee returns to her home in search of materialistic goods so that she can preserve her family†™s heritage by turning their culture into a commodity. Dee believes that possessing items with traditional value will allow her to understand her cultural heritage, and this symbolizes her misconception of viewing heritage as a material entity. However, Mama and Maggie clearly defines family and cultural heritage through their knowledge of everyday traditional practices, such as churning butter and quilting. Maggie and Dee are sisters, but they are like the two ends of a stick. Although they have been brought up in the same home and raised by the same mother, this is as far as their similarities go. The contrast of the two sister’s personalities creates a conflict because Dee is unable to comprehend that there is more than just material values in objects, while Maggie is able to fully fathom the significance of sentimentality. However, Maggie’s unsteady and delicate temperament prevents her from stopping her sister as Dee seeks out items of cultural value. This shows that Dee attempts to seek out her heritage without an understanding of what her heritage truly is. Maggie and Mama are able to comprehend and truly appreciate the cultural and sentimental values of the objects in their home because that is where their heritage lies, whereas Dee lives in the materialistic world, not the traditional. Dee later disapproves of how her mother and sister are ruining Maggie’s traditional wedding quilt by putting it through â€Å"everyday use† and that they are using it as nothing more than a mere commodity. This shows Dee’s misconception of heritage as a materialistic object. Dee scorns her sister because Maggie will not be able to appreciate the quilt in a sufficient way. Maggie is used to giving in to her sister and agrees to give Dee the wedding quilts, despite what the quilts has meant to Maggie. Maggie’s burned skin indicates how she has been â€Å"burned† throughout her life, and as a result Maggie is used to not having what she wants. However, Mama is able to relate more with Maggie than she can with Dee. Mama and Maggie both appreciate the true meaning of heritage and Mama surprises even herself as she stands up for Maggie and by defying Dee. Part of their heritage is for the mother to pass down objects of cultural value, such as quilts, to their daughter. As Mama stands up for Maggie and returns her the quilts, she asserts that Maggie wins over Dee, and that cultural values are dominant over materialistic values. This short story shows how important it is to take a tand for what is right, especially when a person is able to do so themselves. Maggie was unable to stop her self centered sister, so Mama stopped Dee herself. Dee has everything that she has ever wanted, everything except the heritage of her family. Mama and Maggie have nothing but heritage, and therefore Mama is able to stand up for Maggie because of this connection. It is evident that it is important to stand up for those who are unaware and unable to stand up for themselves. In â€Å"AP†, Sammy indicates that people should not have to conform to the rules of society. The girls broke out of the societal norms, and Sammy was refreshed to see such uniqueness. As a result, Sammy quits his job to express his dissatisfaction towards conformity. Although he was not acknowledged for his sacrifice, he matured and gained a valuable lesson despite of his losses. Sammy learned that he should think before reacting to his desires and impulses, and that lesson is much more valuable than catching the attention of some girl In â€Å"Everyday Use†, Maggie was unable to resist her self centered sister as she took the quilts. However, Dee misconceived the true value of heritage. Objects of cultural value are meant for everyday use, not to be displayed as a decorational trophy. People are able to keep memories and the past alive by putting such objects to everyday use, such as Mama and Maggie have rightly done. Both of these short stories express the importance of standing up for what is right, regardless that one’s action may go unnoticed or that one may be faced with the difficult decision of choosing one daughter over the other. A person’s integrity and character develops every time a person stands up for what he or she believes in. Standing up for what is right is a good deed, and people should always stand firm for what is right because despite the possible losses, there is much more to be gained. . Updike, John. â€Å"AP† Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner. , and Stephen R. Mandell New York: Heinle, 2006 Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner. , and Stephen R. Mandell New York: Heinle, 2006

Innovation in management services in supply chains(SCM) Essay

Innovation in management services in supply chains(SCM) - Essay Example Importance of innovation Innovation is best described as the development and creation of unique possibilities for making value added contributions in a particular industry. The entire process of innovation goes beyond the traditional method of implementing new manufacturing processes or developing innovative products because it comprises of much broader aspects such as innovation in the market, organization and input resources (Kim, Kumar, & Kumar, 2012; Ozturen & Sevil, 2009). Innovation in tourism and hospitality industry In the last few years, the researchers such as Boon-itt and Pongpanarat (2011), Martinez-Ros and Orfila-Sintes (2009) and Spekman, Spear and Kamauff (2002) have done extensive studies on the role of innovation in service sector especially tourism and hospitality industry. Tourism and hospitality industry consists of many areas and dimensions and the study is catered across different elements. As the world has become global, travelling to different destinations wor ldwide is now the favorite leisure activity of majority of the consumers of any society. It has been reported by many countries such as France, USA, UK, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkey, China and Canada that the number of tourists is increasing at a faster pace than expected (Nassiry, Ghorban, & Nasiri, 2012). In order to provide exceptional tourism experience to the visitors, the tourism and hospitality industry of each country has to introduce innovative products and services that will meet the expectation level of the customers (Anthony, Johnson, & Sinfield, 2008). This industry is mainly made up of tour operators, travel agencies, hotels and accommodation service providers and airline companies. One of the key areas of focus by the players in the respective industry is the development of an effective Supply Chain Management (SCM) that ensures that the tourists are provided the most satisfying level of services (Zhang, Song, & Huang, 2009). Real life examples of SCM initiatives and i nnovations Since the demands of customers change at an accelerating pace in each market, it is required by every company to closely monitor the changing patterns of innovation requirements in the products and services. The customers of tourism and hospitality industry are looking for open service innovation which was the concept introduced by FedEx. Almost all the firms existing in the industry have ensured that they employ the latest technology in their services so that they have a strong presence in the market (Gunasekara, 2006). The consumers need to know about the tourism and hospitality industries so that they develop an interest in trying out the services. Some of the initiatives that have been observed in the Tourism supply chain (TSC) are integration of supplier and buyer relationship (Rizova, 2006), taking the suppliers on board when developing new products so that the feasibility of the project can be effectively designed (Handfield & Lawson, 2008) and eliminating the unne cessary intermediary steps so that the cost can be saved to a much larger extent (Miles, 2008). Such types of initiatives is a necessary act to be conducted by the organisations as

Wireless and Mobile Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wireless and Mobile Technologies - Case Study Example One of the ways that organizations use wireless technologies to improve business efficiencies is by the development of mobile and computer applications that allow customers to access their services. The technologies are also used in e-commerce where customers can order for goods and services online and give their feedback (Smyth & Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2004. At the same time, mobile and wireless technologies improve business efficiency when used to send important information to the customers regarding the company’s products and services. In other words, it improves communication and, therefore, enhances business communications. Many businesses use wireless and mobile technologies to interact with their domestic and international customers, especially in the modern era of globalization. Delta implemented a number of wireless and mobile technologies. It installed an in-flight Wi-Fi on the domestic flights as well as smartphone apps with smart features such as trac king of baggage and customer check-in (News.delta.com, 2015). The mobile and wireless technology also include the customer care service via Twitter that runs for 24 hours. Customers also have the ability to book tickets directly from Facebook. The wireless and mobile technologies utilized by Delta help to improve business efficiency. Through the Twitter customer care, customers can be served quickly from the comfort of their homes. The online booking service also helps to reduce transportation costs for the customers to the booking offices. Likewise, the mobile tracking system helps to recover lost and stolen goods. This improves the reliability of the organization to the customer. The technologies also help to ensure that many customers can be served within a short duration. This is unlike the case where all the customers are required to visit distinguished offices to get the services.

Culture And Crime Essay Example for Free

Culture And Crime Essay The crime rate of societies differs with each other. If the crime rates of European countries and American countries were compared, the results would be different. The same is true if countries from the East and West were compared in regards to their crime rates. This can be attributed perhaps to different norms and concepts on crime of different societies, as well as the overall way of life of the people in any given area. If this were analyzed further, it will be noted that culture plays a role in the way that crime is viewed in a given society. This essay deals with the concept of culture, especially in the way that it relates to crime. Culture, Society and Criminality Before juxtaposing crime and culture, however, it would be necessary to define the overly used and abused concept of culture. Generally, culture is the overall pattern of the way of life of a given community of people together with the structures of symbols and meanings that they attach to various aspects of their society. This also includes the morality of the society as well as the collection of acceptable and non-acceptable behaviors (Krober Kluckhohn, 1952). Since the moral system is included here, it impinges upon the conception of what is right, as well as the way that people in a given society view law, together with the commission of crimes. Given that culture affects the overall lifestyle of peoples in a society, it is inevitable that crimes are also affected by culture. For example, in a study conducted by Karstedt (2001), she mentioned that culture has been recognized by criminology as one of the factors influencing crime. The study took note of various social control means in Asian countries with low crime rate such as Japan. Karstedt called for the introduction of methods and ways through which cultures may be effectively compared to study the differences in culture and its impact on crime. By conducting an extensive survey in one of the Southern States in the US, Warner (2003) found out that cultural disorganization affect crimes. Her findings show that a prevailing culture conditioned by disadvantage in the society and the disconnection of social ties have significant impact on the level of social relationships and ties of the community. This in turn impacts informal modes of social control in the society. Without these informal social control, it would the tendency for crimes to be committed becomes stronger. On the other hand, Leonardsen (2002) investigated the apparent anomaly of Japan—an urban country with very low crime rate. In his study, Leonardsen pointed out to apparent loss of too much individualism in Japan while focusing on the overall community. He argued that although the loss of individuality can be seen in Japan, it has much to teach to Western countries, especially regarding identity, obligations and social connections. Conclusion Based on the studies mentioned above, it can be seen that indeed culture has a significant impact on crime. Crime cannot only be prevented through formal means such as law, police force, and the prison system. Rather, there are informal institutions and norms that help prevent or perhaps encourage the occurrence of crime. When social ties are severed and a â€Å"negative† culture of the disadvantaged spawns, social controls are weakened, thus increasing the likelihood of the occurrence of crime. A focus on the community’s norms, however, can result to a more orderly society with low incidence of crime. These studies are congruent with Black’s theory that if the culture and the means of informal social control in a society are weak, then the tendency for that society is to have laws that are more powerful as compared with other societies with stronger social control means (Black, 1976). A combination of effective laws and informal social controls, are however necessary so that order can be kept within the society. Reference Black, D. (1976). The Behavior of Law. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Karstedt, S. (2001). Comparing Cultures, Comparing Crime: Challenges, Prospects and Problems for a Global Criminology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 36 (3), 285-308. Kroeber, A. L. Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum. Leonardsen, D. (2002). The Impossible Case of Japan. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 35 (2), 203-229. Warner, B. D. (2003). The Role of Attenuated Culture in Social Disorganization Theory. Criminology, 41 (1), 73-98.

Drowning in a Glass Half Empty Essay -- Personal Narrative Hiking Essa

Drowning in a Glass Half Empty Wearily walking into the lobby of my residence hall, a group of my classmates gathered to embark on a pilgrimage through Poly Canyon. We meandered over to our rendezvous with our professor on a gravel road sided by a grove of eucalyptus trees rising up like a rib cage. I doubted that this was going to be anything like what Henry David Thoreau intended in his essay â€Å"Walking,† when he described walking as being â€Å"absolutely free from all worldly engagements.† If one frees oneself from worldly engagements, one may journey into mindfulness, a state of total awareness of being. We had a guide, we were a class, and we brought with us society. I carried a backpack with pen and paper, a sweatshirt, and cynicism heavier than the fog we drudged through. Campus housing structures disappeared behind us, and we were on a road winding around hills. I observed sprinklers watering dead grass, telephone wires cutting through trees, and a dumpster full of waste, worsened by a car passing through our ensemble. We had a ways to go before we could get away from civilization. My pessimism deepened as I listened to my classmates chatter in awe about deer on the hillside and heard our professor mention a toxic waste controversy. One deer stood majestically atop the hill, its dark, shadowy outline nearly transparent in the dense fog, while two others eyed us with less interest than we eyed them. I had seen more deer on a public golf course the day before. One of my classmates began her narrative aloud, adding to the worldly engagements I wished to remove myself from. Moving on, I passed under a stone arch onto a trail where I sat and wrote down my thoughts; drawing ... ...each, looking out to sea. Birds chirped, cows mooed, cameras clicked, and an oddly calming and reassuring white noise of car traffic were all audible. I was alone. In the end, my cynicism is fog. I couldn’t have enjoyed the walk as much as I did without overcoming my negativity; moreover, I couldn’t have appreciated the beauty of the fog without walking above it, to look upon it in its entirety. I sauntered, walking towards a holy land. I gained mindfulness through looking at the bowl of milk that was Poly Canyon submerged in fog, focusing on every breath and each step upon ancient rock, feeling the dew from bunch grass cool the pokes of yucca bush, and traveling to a new place in body and spirit. I undertook a pilgrimage despite fighting it the best I could. Walking gradually beat my cynicism, as the morning sun slowly withered away the fog.

Marketing & Innovation

Marketing & Innovation â€Å"Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has two—and only two—basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. † Peter Drucker (The Father of Management Theory) INTRODUCTION Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. American Marketing Association 2007) An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations. (OECD 2005) Four types of innovations are distinguished: product innovations, process innovations, marketing innovations and organizational innovations. (OECD 2005) * A product (service) innovation is th e introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses.This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. * A process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software. * An organizational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace organization or external relations. A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing. The OCED’s definition is too narrow : it reduces the scope of marketing by separating between marketing, product innovation and delivery. If we mixed t he two definition we can propose that with a marketing lenses an innovation is : â€Å"the implementation of a new or significantly improved method, process or practices in creating, communicating, delivering, and xchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large† * Innovation in marketing could be related to : * The creation (Iphone), * The communication (Web2. 0), * The delivery (Internet), * Or exchanging (Michelin) * offerings that have value 2 Main objective: Understanding and mastering the process from new ideas generation to new value offering for the stakeholders Degree of differenciation of consumer expectations| Degree of improvement in technology | | Low | High| Low | Continuous innovation(cordless phone)| Market breakthroughts (parabolic skis)| | High| Technology breakthroughts (passage from video players to DVD player)| Radical innovation(cell phone)| Innovation continuum Continuous innovation * Modification to an existing product that does not require a change in learning * Improvement of an existing product without major changes Dynamically Continuous Innovations * Modification to an existing product that requires a modest amount of learning or change in behavior to use it Discontinuous innovation (radical innovation) Major changes in the way we live * Product innovation which break the rules and the norms * New consumption behaviors and use * Technology Example: Sharing documents on Internet, Downloading musics, E-business and virtual stores, Free software, Hybrid cars New product development process 3 Phase 1: Idea Generation Sources of new ideas * Internal idea sources: * Formal research and development * â€Å"Intrapreneurial† programmes * External idea sources: * Customers * Pilot customers : Pilot customers methodsThe estimated annual sales of new products developed based on ideas generated by pilot customers are eight times higher than estimated sales of innovations developed from mor e traditional methods. Pilot Customer: users †¢Brainstorming  : Characteristics of brainstorming | 1. | Write a clear, focused objective | 2. | Select participants for the team | 3. | Prepare for the session | 4. | At the session – Rules for brainstorming. | Rules: * A conversation at the same time * Be focused on the subject * Be visual (drawing) * Encourage crazy ideas * The quantity is more important than the quality * Negative comments have to be avoided No interruptions from outside Role of the team leader: * Contribute to, but not inhibit the flow of ideas * Don’t be too controlling * Encourage participation from everyone * Introduce creative games * Call the â€Å"time out† to review and evaluate ideas that have been generated Method * Write a list of ideas (uses) * Classify ideas thanks to criteria * Find common points between application : â€Å"pseudo segments† 4 Interviews Motivation * Focus group / individual interviews Characteristics of focus group | Group size | 8 to 12 | Group composition | Homogeneous: respondents prescreened | Physical setting | Relaxed, informal atmosphere |Time duration | 1 to 3 hours | Recording | Record all the discussion with sound an video | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * Individual interview  : Type of interview | Required skills | Structured interview | Neutrality, no prompting, no improvisation | Semi-structured interview | Some probing, rapport with interviewee, understanding the aims of the project | Open-ended interview or depth interview | Flexibility, rapport with interviewee, active listening | Focus group | Facilitation skills, flexibility, ability to stand back from the discussion so that group dynamics can emerge |Characteristics of semi-structured individual interviews | Group size | Face to face, one-one-one basis | Interview structure | Semi-structured, direct, personal interview. Use of an interview guide | Physical setting | Relaxe d, informal atmosphere | Time duration | One hour | Recording | Use of audiocassettes and videotapes | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * 5 Focus on semi-structural individual interview Questioning style * Open ended, non-directive * Little or no direction on how to answer * Relate to topic in own way * Use own language Probing – for detail, depth, clarification – Prompting – encouraging respondent to answer * Non-verbal, repeating, rephrasing, summarising * Salespeople * Service providers * Anyone with direct customer contact * Competitors  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products * Distributors, suppliers and others  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products Example of Brainstorming: anti-odor product First step: write a list of uses * D irty socks, Ashtrays, Changing rooms, Refrigerators, Elevators, Subway tunnels†¦ * Second step: classify ideas * Development of a notation system * A Possible today * B possible soon * C difficult and risky * Criteria * Technicity faisability, cost, market accessibility, competitors, time of solution * Third step: Find common points How customers can use the product| Passage from 80 ideas to 8  « pseudo-market segments  »| What is its added value? | Deodorization public places| Types of customers| Chemicalplants| Places| Household odors†¦. |Phase 2: Product development * Expand ideas into more complete product concepts * Describe features the product should have and benefits those features will provide * 6 Evaluate chance for success * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place After more than a decade of development, Daimler begins to commercialize its experimental fuel-cell-powered- electric car Next step: to develop th is new product into alternative product concepts – Concept 1: A moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town Concept 2: A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people – Concept 3: An inexpensive subcompact green car – Concept 4: A high-end sport –utility vehicle (SUV) appealing those who love the space Phase 3: Marketing strategy development * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place * Identify the target market * Estimate its size * Determine how the product can be positioned * Plan pricing, distribution and promotion expenditures Phase 4: Technical development * The product moves into product develop RD or engineering develops the product concept into a physical product â€Å"Look beyond simply creating products that satisfy consumers needs and wants†¦ Companies work to fashion products that are both satisfying and easy to manufacture. † Phase 5: Marketing Test * It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programme – positioning, advertising, distribution, pricing, branding and budget levels Phase 6: Commercialization Launch the product! * Full scale production * Distribution * Advertising * Sales promotion * and more 7 INNOVATING BY SERVICESInnovation and Marketing Decision: The customers’ values issue An economic opportunity exists for an innovation when a new value proposition to customer is possible Agreeing the PSS statement (Product Service System)  «Ã‚  What is important is not our offer but what our customers do with it  Ã‚ », there are three kinds of value propositions for an innovation. Innovation and the first customer’s value proposition: * Customer Values are embedded in a three stages consumption scenario. * These stages define three kinds of value. * Stage 1: Decision (potential value) * Stage 2: The exchange (value in exchange) Stage 3: usage (value in use) Innovat ion in potential value First innovative value proposition: Innovation concerning the facilities The facilities include all company resources: employees, know-how, technology, nominal goods †¦ and other facilities that must be accessible (before offer provision is feasible). Make perceptible the strength of a promise POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in an offer provision scenario, ex IBIS Hotel 8 POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in a service provision scenario: ex vending machine Innovation in value in exchange Second innovative value proposition :Innovation concerning the transformation process This is the stage in which company resources are combined with other companies’ resources in order to transform them. Companies act as prime resources integrators and the innovation consists of new ways of co-operating, collaborating, co-branding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In this case, these values in exchange will have to be new values in use for the customers †¦ to be success ful VALUE IN EXCHANGE from the exchange stage in an offer provision scenario: ex Senseo, Nike+ iphone app This transformation stage can also exhibit innovation concerning CUSTOMER VALUE in EXCHANGE.Offer provision can include a transformation of customer resources in terms of persons (surgery, hair cuts†¦), physical objects (e. g. car repairs†¦), nominal good (e. g. investment banking, rights (e. g. lawyers.. ) and/or data (tax advisors†¦)†¦ It contains elements which are either pre-prepared within producers’ facilities, or are co-produced by customer and provider during the integration and the transformation of customer resources. Innovation consists of changing the way of integrating the customers’ resources with those of the producers’ VALUE IN EXCHANGE. Innovation in producers-customers co-production: ex WikipediaInnovation and the third Customer’s Value proposition. Innovation in customer’s value in use The usage stage exhi bits CUSTOMER VALUE IN USE. Innovation consists of proposing to customer new values in use, perceived as new solutions. Ex: Wii for the seniors Definition of servicization The key idea behind product service systems is that consumers do not specifically demand products, per se, but rather are seeking the utility these products and services provide. By using a service to meet some needs rather than a physical object, more needs can be met with lower material and energy requirements. A product service system is a competitive system of products, services, supporting networks and infrastructure. The system includes product maintenance, parts recycling and eventual product replacement, which satisfy customer needs competitively and with lower environmental impact over the life cycle. â€Å"A Product-Service System can be defined as the result of an innovation strategy, shifting the business focus from designing and selling physical products only, to selling a system of products and serv ices which are jointly capable of fulfilling specific client demands. Meeting consumers’ needs with a mix of products and services is not a new concept. House rentals, hotels, taxis and restaurants are good examples based on economic interest. There are other new and innovative applications of product service systems that have developed as a response to make business more sustainable. The main difference between product service systems and the classic examples is that the preference of consumers is influenced by environmental, as well as economic interests.Source: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS 10 Innovation by servicization : an attractive way to Innovate on the markets Three ways to develop innovation by servicization : 1- Product oriented services Provided to increase or optimize the product life cycle, these supplementary services are offered to guarantee functionality and durability of the product (e. g. maintenance an d repair, upgrading and substitution services over a specified time period, advise and consultancy for use optimisation, etc. ). 2- Usage oriented servicesThe product is made available in a different form to the customer, is sometimes shared by number of users, but stays in ownership with the provider. It is the usage of the product rather than the product itself that is invoiced, without transfer of ownership (e. g. car sharing or car pooling, tools location, financial leasing, etc. ). Ex: http://www. lamachineduvoisin. fr/ 3- Result-oriented services (functional economy) Result-oriented services (or functional services): in this most accomplished form of servicization, the seller does not sell a product anymore to the customer, but the desired result rendered by the product.Rather than selling pesticides to farmers for example, the seller decides to offer a global service contract that guarantee a maximal acceptable loss on crops. A BM based on the sold products quantity A BM base d on a service rate Sell a maximum loss rate on crops Firm in functional service is looking for less costly alternating solutions as the reintroduction of parasitics predatories or the earth reoxygenation by earthworms or using R&D in biology, agronomy, entomology.. The competitiveness of the seller depends on its ability to optimise the PSS implemented to reach this goal and to use the least possible resources and energy to reach the targeted acceptable loss. Such functional services are implemented with great success by companies such as Xerox (Xerox Global Services) or Michelin (Michelin Fleet Solutions) for example.